Nielsen, J. G. / Carpenter, Kent E., and Volker H. Niem, eds. 1999-01-01. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific, vol. 3: Batoid fishes, chimaeras and Bony fishes, part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. 1983-1984. 92-5-104302-7. .
Mecklenburg, Catherine W., T. Anthony Mecklenburg, and Lyman K. Thorsteinson 2002-01-01. Fishes of Alaska. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. xxxvii + 1037. 1-888569-07-7. .
Nelson, Joseph S., Edwin J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, et al., eds. 2004-01-01. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 29. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. ix + 386. 1-888569-61-1. Full author list: Nelson, Joseph S., Edwin J. Crossman, Héctor Espinosa-Pérez, Lloyd T. Findley, Carter R. Gilbert, Robert N. Lea, and James D. Williams.
Moore, Jon A., Karsten E. Hartel, James E. Craddock, and John K. Galbraith 2003-06-01. Northeastern Naturalist, vol. 10, no. 2. . . 159-248. . .
Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1980-01-01. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 174. . .
Nielsen, Jørgen G., Daniel M. Cohen, Douglas F. Markle, and C. Richard Robins 1999-01-01. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 125, vol. 18. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. xi + 178. 92-5-104375-2. .
Nelson, Joseph S. 1994-01-01. Fishes of the World, Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons. New York, New York, USA. xvii + 600. 0-471-54713-1. .