website: Catalog of Fishes, 17-Mar-2003; http://www.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/
database: F. A. O.;
database: NODC Taxonomic Code;
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998-01-01. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, no. 1, vol 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, USA. 2905. 0-940228-47-5. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25622932.
Compagno, Leonard J. V. / Hamlett, William C., ed. 1999-01-01. Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 471-498. 0-8018-6048-2. .
Compagno, Leonard J. V. 1984-01-01. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 125, vol. 4, pt. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. . . .
Shiino, Sueo M. 1976-09-01. Science Report of Shima Marineland, no. 4. Shima Marineland. Kashikojima, Shima, Mie, Japan. 262. . .
